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每周分子 | Molecule of the Week

ACS 美国化学会 ACS美国化学会 2023-03-12

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每周分子:氮化碳

Molecule of the Week: Carbon nitride

氮化碳(C3N4)与元素碳一样,具有几种稳定的同素异形体。最常见的两种是类似于金刚石的β-C3N4(部分结构)和性质更像石墨的g-C3N4


在20世纪80年代后期,加州大学伯克利分校的理论物理学家Amy Y. Liu和劳伦斯伯克利实验室的Marvin L. Cohen预测β-C3N4将具有短而强的键,并且可能比钻石更硬。事实证明,这种材料很难合成; 但在1993年,哈佛大学(美国马萨诸塞州剑桥)的Chunming Niu,Yuan Z. Lu和Charles M. Lieber*使用脉冲激光烧蚀石墨靶材,并结合强原子氮源制备了β-C3N4薄膜。


同样在1993年,拜罗伊特大学(德国)的沃尔夫冈·施尼克(Wolfgang Schnick)回顾了β-C3N4的理论和合成文献; 而且,像Liu和Cohen一样,他推测这种物质会比钻石更硬。但30年过去了,这一预测仍未得到证实。然而,已有研究表明,β-C3N4的体积模量(抗压缩性)与金刚石相似。


正如预期的那样,g-C3N4主要由平面分子单元组成,主要是庚嗪(缩合的s-三嗪)。通常在这些结构的外围含有少量的氢。2008年,Markus Antonietti和马克斯·普朗克胶体和界面研究所(德国戈尔姆)和马克斯·普朗克学会弗里茨·哈伯研究所(德国柏林)的合作者报道,g-C3N4可以通过聚合C-N小分子(例如氰胺,双氰胺和三聚氰胺等)来合成。研究人员表示,这种石墨化合物的半导体特性使其对各种有机反应具有“意想不到”的催化活性。


随后,几个研究小组发现g-C3N4是一种强大的光催化剂。这项工作的大部分内容总结在2021年出版的《光催化材料科学》(Materials Science in Photocatalysis)一书的摘录中。如果您想了解更多信息,请阅读高丽大学(韩国首尔)的Vincent Wing-hei Lau和马克斯普朗克固态研究所(德国斯图加特)的Bettina V. Lotsch合著的 “A Tour-Guide through Carbon Nitride-Land”1(2021)。


1. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aenm.202101078 


氮化碳信息速览

CAS 登记号

143334-20-7

CAS SciFinder命名

Carbon nitride

分子式

C3N4

摩尔质量

92.06g/mol

外观

类白色至黄褐色结晶或粉末

熔点

β-C3N4: 2950 °C

g-C3N4: 600–700 °C (分解)

水溶性

不溶


氮化碳危害信息

GHS分类:严重眼损伤/眼睛刺激,分类2A

H319-引起严重的眼睛刺激

GHS分类:特定靶器官毒性,单次暴露,呼吸道刺激,分类3

H335-可能引起呼吸道刺激


关于每周分子


自2001年以来,“每周分子”已成为广受欢迎的栏目。多数分子由读者推荐。每个结构都经由科学家审查,并以3-D和平面图像的形式显示,同时附有该分子简介。可以通过美国化学文摘社 (CAS) 提供的CAS SciFindern中的CAS REGISTRY获取“每周分子”的更多信息。CAS REGISTRY中的每条物质信息都展示了物质的CAS登记号、索引名、通用名、商品名、书目信息等其他更多信息。发送邮件至motw@acs.org推荐您感兴趣的分子吧



Carbon nitride (C3N4), like elemental carbon, has several stable allotropes. The two most common are β-C3N4 (partial structure shown), which is analogous to diamond, and g-C3N4, whose properties are more like graphite.


In the late 1980s, theoretical physicists Amy Y. Liu at the University of California, Berkeley, and Marvin L. Cohen at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory predicted that β-C3N4 would have short, strong bonds and could be harder than diamond. The material proved to be difficult to synthesize; but in 1993, Chunming Niu, Yuan Z. Lu, and Charles M. Lieber at Harvard University (Cambridge, MA) created thin films of β-C3N4 using pulsed laser ablation of graphite targets combined with an intense atomic nitrogen source.


Also in 1993, Wolfgang Schnick at the University of Bayreuth (Germany) reviewed the theoretical and synthetic literature on β-C3N4; and, like Liu and Cohen, he surmised that the substance would be harder than diamond. But 30 years later, this prediction has not been demonstrated. It has been shown, however, that the bulk modulus (resistance to compression) of β-C3N4 is similar to that of diamond.


g-C3N4, as might be expected, consists largely of planar molecular units, mostly heptazines (condensed s-triazines). It usually contains a small amount of hydrogen at the peripheries of these structures. In 2008, Markus Antonietti and coauthors at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (Golm, Germany) and the Fritz Haber-Institute of the Max Planck-Society (Berlin) reported that g-C3N4 can be made by polymerizing small C–N molecules such as cyanamide, dicyandiamide, and melamine. The researchers showed that the graphitic compound’s semiconductor properties give it “unexpected” catalytic activity for a variety of organic reactions.


Subsequently, several research teams found that g-C3N4 is a powerful photocatalyst. Much of this work is summarized in excerpts from the 2021 book Materials Science in Photocatalysis. If you want to learn even more, read “A Tour-Guide through Carbon Nitride-Land” (2021)1 by Vincent Wing-hei Lau at Korea University (Seoul) and Bettina V. Lotsch at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research (Stuttgart, Germany).


1. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aenm.202101078


Graphitic carbonfast facts

CAS Reg. No.

143334-20-7

SciFinder
nomenclature

Carbon nitride

Empirical

formula

C3N4

Molar mass

92.06 g/mol

Appearance

Off-white to yellowish-brown crystals or powder

Melting point

β-C3N4: 2950 °C

g-C3N4: 600–700 °C (dec.)

Water solubility

Insoluble


Graphitic carbonhazard information

Serious eye damage/eye irritation, category 2A

H319-Causes serious eye irritation

Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure, respiratory tract irritation, category 3

H335-May cause respiratory irritation


About Molecule of the Week


MOTW has been a popular feature on ACS website since 2001. Many molecules are suggested by our website visitors. Every structure is reviewed by a scientist and displayed in 3-D and flat images with a brief description. Each week’s molecule also links to a sample record from the CAS REGISTRY, which is searched using CAS SciFindern. Each record displays the registry number, index name and synonyms, bibliographic information, and more. Send us a molecule suggestion at motw@acs.org.


Copyright © 2023 American Chemical Society


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